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It's easy to use physical punishment as the first route of correcting a dog's behavior. Praise the dog lavishly. With repetition comes understanding. For the slow learner or assertive dog, it may be necessary to use a collar and short leash - two to four feet is best - 'Sit' the dog and kneel down facing him. Fortunately, almost every dog can learn 'sit' quickly. To start take advantage of spontaneous behavior. Be patient, clear and consistent. The latter they do only when they have no choice. You want the dog to associate the position with good feelings - his and yours.Dogs, like humans, much more readily follow those they trust than those they fear. But dogs tend to be happy when the alpha is, and upset when he is.Make the hand gesture, issue the voice command and move a treat or toy from the dog's chin to the ground while pulling gently on the leash.Encourage by taking a treat or toy. At first, the dog will have no idea why you're so happy.When a dog sits he's more attentive, making it easier to follow commands.Fortunately,"Down" is usually easy to train. When you have his attention move the treat slowly back toward the tail. But they can be easily distracted, or fail to associate today's case of 'come' with yesterday's action and subsequent reward. It instills fear, not trust. At completion praise lavishly and reward. We can wsh it were so but it's not and never will be! Though the average grown dog has a mental development someplace approximately on the level of a human two year old, there are more deviations than there are similarities. Wait for a movement from standing or sitting to down. But they don't reason out or get context the way humans do. When the behavior is complete, praise lavishly. So, here's how NOT to train your dog:- Forget that your dog has a nature unlike yours. Praise and reward anyway, even though you had to 'force' the sit. The result is often a common catalogue of errors that can be, with more or less effort, headed off before they begin. Every behavior should be associated with a unique hand gesture that you don't otherwise use.Most dogs won't go own the first few times. Dog Training - Sit Command - Few behaviors are as fundamentally important as 'sit'. There are alternate explanations for their behavior. That way a dog associates the behavior with the command. "Site" the dog then move the treat to the ground just in front of the nose.Patience is the number one required quality, therefore.Part of that patience

Wikipedia on dog training

The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) is a domesticated subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term encompasses both feral and pet varieties and is also sometimes used to describe wild canids of other subspecies or species. The domestic dog has been one of the most widely kept working and companion animals in human history, as well as being a food source in some cultures. There are estimated to be 400 million dogs in the world.

The dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds. Height measured to the withers ranges from a few inches in the Chihuahua to a few feet in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called blue ) to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; and, coats can be very short to many centimeters long, from coarse hair to something akin to wool, straight or curly, or smooth.

Domestic dogs often display the remnants of counter-shading, a common natural camouflage pattern. The general theory of countershading is that an animal that is lit from above will appear lighter on its upper half and darker on its lower half where it will usually be in its own shade. This is a pattern that predators can learn to watch for. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below. This reduces the general visibility of the animal. One reminder of this pattern is that many breeds will have the occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or undersides.

Tail

There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, cork-screw. In some breeds, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries (especially for hunting dogs). It can happen that some puppies are born with a short tail or no tail in some breeds.

Sprint metabolism

In domestic dogs, sexual maturity (puberty) begins to happen around age 6 to 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. Adolescence for most domestic dogs is around 12 to 15 months, beyond which they are for the most part more adult than puppy. As with other domesticated species, domestication has selectively bred for higher libido and earlier and more frequent breeding cycles in dogs, than in their wild ancestors. Dogs remain reproductively active until old age.

Most female dogs have their first estrous cycle between 6 and 12 months, although some larger breeds delay until as late as 2 years. Females experience estrous cycles biannually, during which her body prepares for pregnancy, and at the peak she will come into estrus, during which time she will be mentally and physically receptive to copulation.

Dogs bear their litters roughly 56 to 72 days after fertilization, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. Toy dogs generally produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as 12 pups in each litter.

Spaying and neutering

Neutering (spaying females and castrating males) refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate, and reduce sex drive. Neutering has also been known to reduce aggression in male dogs, but has been shown to occasionally increase aggression in female dogs.

Animal control agencies in the United States and the ASPCA advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies.

Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, puppies born to strays or as the result of accidental breedings often end up being killed in animal shelters. Neutering can also decrease or eliminate the risk of hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. However, certain medical problems are more likely after neutering, such as urinary incontinence in females and prostate cancer in males. The hormonal changes involved with sterilization are likely to somewhat change the animal's personality, however, and some object to neutering as the sterilization could be carried out without the excision of organs.

It is not essential for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have puppies before spaying, and likewise, a male dog does not need the experience of mating before castration.

Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammary tumors if they are not spayed before their first heat cycle. Dog food containing soybeans or soybean fractions have been found to contain phytoestrogens in levels that could have biological effects when ingested longterm.

Gender-preservative surgeries such as vasectomy and tubal ligation are possible, but do not appear to be popular due to the continuation of gender-specific behaviors and disease risks.

Overpopulation

United States

According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3–4 million dogs and cats are put down each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Local humane societies, SPCAs and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them. Several notable public figures have spoken out against animal over population, including Bob Barker. On his game show, The Price Is Right , Barker stressed the problem at the end of every episode, saying: "Help control the pet population. Have your pets spayed or neutered." The current host, Drew Carey, makes a similar plea at the conclusion of each episode.

Working, utility and assistance dogs

• Bark (dog)
• Dog king – Scandinavian tradition
• Dog licence
• Dog odor
• Dog paddle – basic swimming stroke
• Dog park
• Fear of dogs
• List of dog breeds
• List of dogs
• List of fictional dogs
• List of most popular dog breeds
• Subspecies of Canis lupus
• Wolf-dog hybrid

References

1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (16 November 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World , 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.  
2. ^ http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_lupus_familiaris.html
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Coppinger, Ray (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution , p352. 0684855305.  
4. ^ The Complete dog book : the photograph, history, and official standard of every breed admitted to AKC registration, and the selection, training, breeding, care, and feeding of pure-bred dogs. Publisher New York: Howell Book House, 1992. ISBN 0876054645
5. ^ "Domestic Pet Dog Classified By Linnaeus In 1758 As Canis Familiaris And Canis Familiarus Domesticus". www.encyclocentral.com. Retrieved on 2008-06-18.
6. ^ Seebold, Elmar (2002). Kluge. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache . Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 207. ISBN 3110174731.

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